breast cancer
- Research Review Paper Outline
- Select two published research papers for your review: The research paper must be published in a reputable journal such as the following: The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of American Medical Association, The Lancet, or American Journal of Public Health
- Study hypothesis – a working assumption
- Summarize the working assumption used by the study researchers in the two research papers that you are planning to critique and review
- Population – describe the population used in the two research papers, for example
- Closed cohort – membership is defined by a given event, and no exit is possible
- Dynamic population – membership is defined by a given state, and exit occurs when the state terminates
- Study design – describe the study design used in the research that you are reviewing
- Experimental
- Observational
- Both
- The timing of the observations
- Cross-sectional study (i.e., the exposures, health conditions, and other factors are recorded at the same point in time using prevalence data without attempting to reconstruct the exposure history)
- Longitudinal study (i.e., since diseases occur over time, we normally expect a longitudinal recording of exposures and diseases in the follow-up study and in the case control study)
- Define the relevant etiologic time window
- What is the available knowledge of the conditions under study?
- What is the hypothesized effect of the exposure?
- Research study base – describe the research study base used for the research paper you are reviewing
- Population sampling – describe the sampling approach used in the research (e.g., randomized cohort, case/control)
- Data type – describe the type of data collection used in the research paper
- Primary data – referred to as ad hoc data, or actual collection of data by researcher from a primary source or person
- Secondary data – referred to as antecedent data, is data collected primarily for other purposes and used in the study (e.g., data from medical files, registration records, and so on)
- Both
- Statistical data – describe the statistics that were used in the research study
- Descriptive statistics – can be defined as those methods involving the collection, presentation, and characterization of a set of data in order to describe the various features of that set of data properly
- Inferential statistics – can be defined as those methods that make possible the estimation of characteristics of a population or the making of a decision concerning a population based only on sample result
- Conclusion – describe the conclusions that were made in the research and indicate whether you believe these conclusions were valid or not
- Outline one or more study limitations and opportunity for further research
- Use at least two additional references or other research papers that confirm whether these conclusions are valid
- Use at least three references/sources such as following
- The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
- Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)
- The Lancet
- American Journal of Public Health
Answer previewBreast cancer is the most invasive cancer in women particularly after Lung cancer and is rare in men. The main symptoms of breast cancer are seen as a lump in the breast and a bloody discharge in the nipple accompanied by changes in the shape or texture of the nipple and the breast. Researchers have extensively worked to produce treatment and maintain a healthy lifestyle. The advancement in screening has improved the survival rates since 1989 and the treatment depends on the level of the illness. The paper focuses on reviewing two articles focused on providing insight into screening and treatment of breast cancer. The articles under review are, Effect of Screening Mammography on Breast-Cancer Mortality in Norway (Kalager et al., 2010, September 23) and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women after Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer (Darby et al., 2013(1645words)
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