have you ever wondered why children develop odd understandings? For example, a child was heard to say, “Mommy went to the hospital to throw up her baby.” Where did the child get that idea if no one told him that?

Have you ever tried to help a child solve a problem or gain a new understanding? Were you successful?

This week, you have been studying the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. These two 20th-century geniuses agreed that cognitive growth occurs as a result of processes internal to the child. However, they disagreed on the precise process. Piaget focused on developmental stages and Vygotsky focused on adults as the purveyors of cultural knowledge.

Returning to the example above, Piaget would say that the child thinks intuitively and has come to a mistaken conclusion. The child will automatically correct mistaken ideas as cognitive growth progresses and the child becomes able to reason, first more concretely and then more abstractly.

Vygotsky, on the other hand, would say that the child learns language, cultural knowledge, and rules from adults. If the adults understand the child’s current knowledge level and scaffold new information carefully, then the child can learn at a faster rate. This distance between what the child can know and do alone, and what the child can know and do with adult support, is called the Zone of Proximal Development.

Most adults who work with children are unaware of these theoretical views. However, they have a view of their own that influences how they interact with children. You likely already have a point of view that is probably more similar to either Piaget or Vygotsky. Try to proceed with an open mind.

To prepare for this Assignment:

Read the following example:
As a 3-year-old, Mateo was afraid of Santa Claus, believed his shadow was following him, and expected that all adults knew his name. He could sing the ABC song and count by rote to 10. By the time he was 8 years old, Mateo loved sitting on Santa’s lap, used his hands to make shadow characters, and was able to disagree with a friend without getting upset. He could read simple text and add, subtract, and multiply.

Think about the previous example from Piaget’s point of view and then from Vygotsky’s. What do you think each would say about how Mateo’s developmental changes came about? From Piaget’s point of view, consider the development of stages and egocentrism. From Vygotsky’s point of view, consider the Zone of Proximal Development and the adult’s role in providing cultural knowledge.

The Assignment: (2–3 pages)

Contrast Piaget’s theory to Vygotsky’s theory. Using the example above, describe how Piaget and Vygotsky differ in their views about how cognitive development progresses. Be sure to include all of the following in your answer:
- The main ideas of the stages of development from Piaget and the Zone of Proximal Development from Vygotsky
- A description of the adult’s role in the process from the point of view of each theorist
- A clear explanation of Mateo’s developmental progress from the point of view of each theorist
- A clear explanation of the differences between the two theorists’ approaches

Requirements: 2 pages

Dito

Hero is a video and also Im pasting the transcript of the video

FEMALE SPEAKER: Cognition, of course, is a theory that was proposed by Jean Piaget. And he talked about how we make sense of our world. And we developed schemes.

One of the first stages of cognitive development is the Sensory motor stage. And if you break those two words up, you have senses and motor. And so we make sense of our world by moving through our environment and using our senses to develop those schemes. If we have limited motor development that means we’re limited in the space, in the environment, in the area that we can move through. And so that’s going to impact our cognitive development.

The second stage is the preoperational stage. The third stage is the concrete operational stage. And then the final stage is the formal operational stage. And you’ll notice when you look at Piaget’s theory, it begins at birth, his stages, and they end at adolescence.

So, basically what that says is that our sense of development when we talk about cognitive development, are pretty much is in place by the time we reach adolescence. And then what happens after that, as we grow into adulthood, is we simply build on those first four stages. The other thing about Piaget is that he said that those stages work in order. You have to go from one stage to the next stage, to the next stage.

So you can’t necessarily skip a stage. The other thing is that those stages have some variation in them. And so even though the first stage is from birth to two years, a child may move into the second stage maybe at 15 months or 18 months. But what he did say is that development ends, it’s done by the time we reach adolescence.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

When you think about information processing, think about a computer. You have your hard drive and you have the soft-drive. And so when researchers developed information processing, it’s just what it says. How we process information. We have our mental hardware and we have our mental software. We have the hardware, our brain, which is what we’re born with. It’s already pre-wired. But then what we do is we add information to that.

That enables us to do the things that we do. That enable us, for example, to go to school and learn how ABCs. That enable us to do a speech or that enables me to

Motor Development and Cognition

sit here in front of you and to explain to you about human development. That was because of experiences that I’ve had. And so that adds to the hardware.

Now if the hardware is damaged, in other words, if there’s some brain delay, if there’s some damage to the brain, it may not work as we would like for it. So that means that the software that I use is going to have to be a little bit different because the hardware, the hard wiring, has been damaged to some extent.

Vygotsky is one of my favorite theorists. And the reason why I liked Vygotsky so much is because unlike the other theorists, he includes the sociocultural aspect. He includes the impact of culture on cognitive development. One of the things that Vygotsky talked about is that he said that learning takes place in collaboration with other people. That no man is an island unto himself. And that children learn better when they are teamed up with other children who have more skills than they do. And so he introduced the concept of scaffolding.

And so scaffolding is a teaching strategy that teachers can use to see where a child is and where they need to go. And so I can build on the information that you have, I don’t have to repeat the information that you already know. I can assess what you do know, and then build on that so that you can go further.

And so with Vygotsky, the interesting thing about him is that he looked at the individual as an interactive person in terms of their environment. That their environment has an impact on their cognitive ability. And when we team children up with other children, they tend to want to do as well as that other child that they have been teamed up with.

And who better to teach a child how to do something than another child. It’s not as intimidating. They want to learn a little bit more. And so Vygotsky left us with so much that we can draw upon to help us better understand cognitive development. Scaffolding is very, very effective. And it’s effective because it gives help where needed. Help that is needed as opposed to giving a child something to do. and they don’t need your help to do it. And so I’m going to praise you for what you do know, and then I’m going to introduce some concepts to help you expand the information that you already know.

And so a good teacher is paying attention to what their children in their classroom are doing and what they already know. And so then they say, Johnny I see you know how to count up to five. That’s great. And so I don’t need to repeat that. What I want Johnny to do is to count up to 10. And so, when we set the bar high I believe that children will meet that expectation. And scaffolding is one way to do that.

Answer preview
According to Vygotsky, Mateo’s parents would have played a pivotal role in helping him figure out that Santa Claus is not a dangerous individual who should be feared but rather a good person, and as such, Mateo should enjoy being around Santa. His parents might have also had an input in helping improve Mateo’s tolerance during arguments with friends, coupled with his ability to read simple texts and perform simple arithmetic calculations.
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Piaget Cognitive Development Stages and the Role of Adults

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Piaget Cognitive Development Stages and the Role of Adults