Monitoring and controlling is the fourth step of project management under the PMI model. This phase is absent in the waterfall and adaptive models to project management. This step and the execution phase go hand in hand and involve tracking the project’s activities to ensure that everything is being done according to the laid out plans (Forsberg et al., 2005). Doing this gives project managers a chance to identify mistakes being made and correct them in time. The closing phase is the final step under the PMI model. This phase is also used in the waterfall and adaptive models for project management. It generally involves ensuring that everything that should have been done was done before handing over a project to a client (Forsberg et al., 2005).
