Breast Cancer
- Research Review Paper Outline
- Select two published research papers for your review: The research paper must be published in a reputable journal such as the following: The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of American Medical Association, The Lancet, or American Journal of Public Health
- Study hypothesis – a working assumption
- Summarize the working assumption used by the study researchers in the two research papers that you are planning to critique and review
- Population – describe the population used in the two research papers, for example
- Closed cohort – membership is defined by a given event, and no exit is possible
- Dynamic population – membership is defined by a given state, and exit occurs when the state terminates
- Study design – describe the study design used in the research that you are reviewing
- Experimental
- Observational
- Both
- The timing of the observations
- Cross-sectional study (i.e., the exposures, health conditions, and other factors are recorded at the same point in time using prevalence data without attempting to reconstruct the exposure history)
- Longitudinal study (i.e., since diseases occur over time, we normally expect a longitudinal recording of exposures and diseases in the follow-up study and in the case control study)
- Define the relevant etiologic time window
- What is the available knowledge of the conditions under study?
- What is the hypothesized effect of the exposure?
- Research study base – describe the research study base used for the research paper you are reviewing
- Population sampling – describe the sampling approach used in the research (e.g., randomized cohort, case/control)
- Data type – describe the type of data collection used in the research paper
- Primary data – referred to as ad hoc data, or actual collection of data by researcher from a primary source or person
- Secondary data – referred to as antecedent data, is data collected primarily for other purposes and used in the study (e.g., data from medical files, registration records, and so on)
- Both
- Statistical data – describe the statistics that were used in the research study
- Descriptive statistics – can be defined as those methods involving the collection, presentation, and characterization of a set of data in order to describe the various features of that set of data properly
- Inferential statistics – can be defined as those methods that make possible the estimation of characteristics of a population or the making of a decision concerning a population based only on sample result
- Conclusion – describe the conclusions that were made in the research and indicate whether you believe these conclusions were valid or not
- Outline one or more study limitations and opportunity for further research
- Use at least two additional references or other research papers that confirm whether these conclusions are valid
- Use at least three references/sources such as following
- The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)
- Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA)
- The Lancet
- American Journal of Public Health
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Introduction
Breast cancer is the most invasive cancer in women particularly after Lung cancer and is rare in men. The main symptoms of breast cancer are seen as a lump in the breast and a bloody discharge in the nipple accompanied by changes in the shape or texture of the nipple and the breast. Researchers have extensively worked to produce treatment and maintain a healthy lifestyle. The advancement in screening…
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