Huntington’s Disease
6 pages research paper (typed, font size 12, 1 inch margins, line spacing 1.5) involving some aspect of human physiology or disease. The objectives of this assignment are to allow you to explore a topic of interest to you that we might not cover in class, and to strengthen your research, synthesis, and writing skills.
A popular and extensive source of peer- reviewed literature on biomedical sciences can be found at PUBMED (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). You will need to cite at least five references; up to two of these can be review papers, at least three need to be from the primary, peer-reviewed literature. You should strive to find the most authoritative and/or up-to-date sources.
Grading will be upon:
Style: Is the paper well-structured? Are grammar and spelling correct? Are references cited correctly in the text and at the end? Is the paper a pleasure to read?
Content and references: Do you cover the most important points of the issue? Do you have up-to-date information? Were you able to locate the most important sources of information for your topic?
Format of Citations and References (adopted from UCDavis.edu)
One of the objectives of the term paper in biology is for you to learn how to do effective research on a subject and then write it up clearly, showing where you got your information.
A research paper requires searching for information pertinent to a given subject, organizing it, and presenting it effectively in written form. The following sections will present the way that I want you to cite your references in the term paper for this course.
- In-text Citation to References
When citing a reference from your reference list, please use the following conventions:
- Put in parentheses the author(s) last names, the year,
- For one author, use the author’s last name and year separated by a comma. For example: (Walters, 1994) or (Austin, 1996).
iii. For more than two authors, use the first author’s last name and “et al.” For example: (Walters, et al., 1992).
- For the date, use the year. If there are two references by the same author(s) for the same year, use letters after the year: (Walters, 1993b).
- If there are specific page numbers for a citation, add them after the year (Walters, 1994, pp. 31-49).
- If you include the author’s name(s) in the text of a sentence in the paper, you may omit their names from the parentheses as follows: “Austin (1996) includes valuable references to ….” or “The examples given by Li and Crane (1993) on web addresses …”.
- Your List of References
All references in this section should be complete enough for readers to obtain a copy for themselves. Create a list of references, one for each item cited in the paper, in a section called “References”. This section goes at the end of your paper. The references are to be alphabetized by the fist author’s last name, or (if no author is listed) the organization or title. If you cite more than one paper by the same first author, sort them by year of publication, earliest year first.
Single-space the entries in your list of references. Separate the entries with a blank line. Do not number the references. The general format for the author, title, and date in your reference list is as follows:
- Author(s):
First author’s last name, followed by the initials. If there are two, separate their names with “and”. For three or more authors, separate all but the last author’s name with commas, and use “and” before the last author’s name in the list. End with a period. For example:
Walters, R.F.
Walters, R.F. and Reed, N.E.
Walters, R.F., Bharat, S. R. and Austin, A.A.
Charniak, E., Riesbeck, C., McDermott, D. and Meehan, J.
- Date
Italicize and enclose the year in parentheses. End with a period. For example: (2013).
iii.
Title
If the title is that of an article, use the regular font; Capitalize only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns. End with a period. For example, an article’s title would look like:
“A permeability barrier surrounds taste buds in lingual epithelia.”
- Journal
- Name
When citing the name of a journal write the name in italics, with all words capitalized except for articles, prepositions and conjunctions.
- Volume, number, and page numbers:
Give the volume number, followed by the issue number in parentheses (if there is an issue number), followed by a colon (:) and the page number(s).
For example: American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 308(1):21-32
- Samples of Complete References
Dando, R., Kurian, M.V., Pereira, E., Barro-Soria, R., Chaudhari, N., and Roper, S.D. (2014). A permeability barrier surrounds taste buds in lingual epithelia. American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology 308(1):21-32
Dvoryanchikov, G., Kurian M.V. and Chaudhari, N.(2013). Functional cell types of adult taste buds are replenished from multiple lineages of Keratin 14-positive and -negative progenitors. Journal of Neuroscience 13(2): 54-59
Kurian, M.V, Hamilton, L. R., Mehl, P. M., Keeven and J. K., Mullins, J. M. (2012). Enhanced cell survival and diminished apoptotic response to simulated ischemia-reperfusion in H9c2 cells after magnetic field preconditioning. Apoptosis 17(11): 1182-1196
Kurian, M.V., Hamilton, L. R., Mehl, P. M., Keeven and J. K., Mullins, J. M. (2006). Elevated levels of stress proteins (Hsp32 and Hsp70i) in H9c2 cells exposed to 60 Hz, 120 μT magnetic field. Molecular & Cellular Biomechanics 3(4):217-218
Lucas C., Qi M., Julian N., Gupta S., Kurian M. V., Locatelli P and Mesri E. (2015) Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus/HHV8 induced activation of Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha is a major oncogenic driver in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Cancer Discovery 12(3): 113-118
Answer preview
Huntington’s condition (HD) is a fatal disease that affects the human brain, and it has no cure. The disease is passed from the parent to offspring, and it affects all male and female. The possibility of a person inheriting Huntington’s disease is 50 percent. According to Imarisio, Carmichael, Korolchuk, Chen, Saiki, Rose, & Rubinsztein, (2008), Huntington’s disease (HD) affects people’s functional abilities, and it leads to psychiatric, thinking and movement disorders. It’s estimated that one person out of the population of 10,000 people has Huntington disease. In the United States of America, it’s estimated that 30,000 people have Huntington disease. Juvenile Huntington disease is reported to be nearly 16 percent in all cases. The disease is not prevalent within any type of…
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